Notes on Pagan India
Dattatreyam Gurum Devam, Dhyayannisham Sadashivam.
Tatmantram Tasya Gitam ca Vyakurve, Tat Prasadatah.
Dattatreya, Guru, and God—I meditate on Him, the Auspicious One.
His Mantra and Hymn I expound, by His Divine Grace.
The Golden Thread
Non-Indians, and even Indians themselves, investigating the spiritual life of this land, soon find they have stumbled upon the most complex, outwardly confusing pattern of thought that has existed in any place in the world or at any time throughout history. Its scriptural texts are enormous, its deities so numerous, its teachers so diverse, and in a land of teeming millions, everyone seems to belong to a separate sect of which they are the only member. Yet it is without dogma or damnation, and everyone is free to believe and interpret as they think fit. How strange that, in this mystic world of such diversity, there is always that “Golden Thread of the Absolute” which runs through all and everything.
The sections of this book are intended to present the great spiritual sciences of Yoga, Shastra, Tantra, Vedanta (Upanishads), the early Vedas, and to deal with initiations, rites, rituals, customs, and practices. We will base our fundamentals on Absolute Wisdom, realized by saints and yogis in the heights of samadhi, and brought down to a worldly level as their teachings. India is a land where the ancient way of life continued for thousands of years, presenting a happy, contented people who knew the real joy and rhythm of life. These were people who knew how to be spiritual and when to be resigned, who taught the law of karma and rebirth to the world, who knew how to fulfill their duties, attend to their livelihood, and enjoy the harmony of sexual pleasures—just as did the Great God Shiva and Parvati, the Mother Goddess, to whom all Hindus bow in respect. This way of life goes beyond the sterility of mere theory. It finds fulfillment only in the living fire of practice.
Tantric Origins
In its earliest known development, Tantra presented a revolt against established ideas. Until this time, all schools of Hindu Paganism maintained that, in order to obtain liberation (moksha) and selfrealization (atma jnana), it was necessary to renounce the world. The aim of the original Tantra and its basic theory was that householders could attain liberation if they trained their minds to think of the joys of sexual intercourse, eating tasty foods, etc., as a form of ecstasy, related and similar to the “bliss of liberation.” By training the mind in this way, ultimate liberation would be made quite easy. We will never know to what extent these ideas were ever successful, and history is silent on any reports of vast numbers suddenly becoming realized. But we do know that householder Tantra slowly slipped back into purely devotional forms.
Yet it was from this beginning that groups of Tantric sadhus and ascetics emerged. These Tantric sadhus and yogis not only kept Tantra alive but brought it to the real peak of development. Some of these sadhus combined into separate sects, such as the Aghoris, while many others are now extinct. In the land that had realized most of what can be realized and taught most of what could be taught, where the wisdom schools had reached the highest peaks, we cannot expect something new and unique, either in teaching or in outward form. It is, therefore, easy to understand that Tantra, especially the “Tantra of the Yogis,” presented a similar pattern in appearance to older and more ancient traditions, but gave it a new meaning.
The Descent of the Absolute
The first part of this writing was prefaced by a shloka or verse, a dedication to Shri Bhagavan Dattatreya. Unique among men, it would not be an exaggeration to describe him as the greatest man who ever lived. His teachings occupy the very highest strata of Hindu thought. He was the Master Yogi par excellence. We read of Shri Dattatreya in the Upanishads, and one Upanishad bears his name. He was one of the great “Naked Saints of India” and took foremost place among a galaxy of spiritual giants. Of his life and teachings, we will deal later. It is sufficient to say that he was an avatar, or incarnation, of Lord Shiva. He was the Adi-Guru, or First Teacher, of the Adinath sub-sect of the Nathas, into which I was initiated.
If Shri Dattatreya was an incarnation of Lord Shiva, then who, or what, is Lord Shiva? Both Vedic and Tantric paths present and accept a multitude of gods and goddesses. Yet, in spite of their numerical strength, Indian Paganism teaches and propounds only one God, the Absolute, of which all divine names and forms are but a manifestation. Different sects and schools of thought may differ in their acceptance of manifestation, but all accept the Absolute (Paramatman or Brahman) as Supreme. The manifestations and personifications, therefore, become the product of the descent of the Absolute into the worldly plane.
Long before the Aryans came with the castes and Vedic teachings, Lord Shiva and his Shakti were worshiped throughout India, and probably in many parts of Europe as well. There is considerable evidence that the religion of Europe, before it was suppressed by Christianity, was a form of phallus and yoni worship such as existed and still exists in India.
The Alchemy of the Absolute
The first and highest strata of Hindu life, both in Vedanta and in Tantra, must be attributed to the Absolute, the Cosmic Soul (Paramatman). This was never defined, explained, or given characteristics. It is the Supreme Reality and the only real substance. But man, with his many limitations and imperfections, prefers to perceive it in manifestation and form. It is true that in the lives of sadhus and sannyasins, their aim was the Absolute, but there always existed a deep understanding that, for the most part, men could only see and think of the Divine in the forms and qualities they understood. In creation, or the process of manifestation, the actionless Absolute had to resort to action, and the non-dual gave rise to duality. Thus, there came into existence the Purusha, or Cosmic Personality, and his Power or Shakti, the operation force of natural manifestation.
The Tantrics continued the non-Aryan tradition of Shiva as the Cosmic Person, and his Shakti, personified as the Mother Goddess. Tantra eventually developed three harmonious schools based upon this. One gave first prominence to Shiva, and another gave first prominence to Shakti, and the third gave equal status to both. In the Tantric scriptures, some present Shiva as the guru, with Shakti as the shishya receiving the teachings, while the Shakti schools reversed the position to present Shakti as the teacher, giving instruction to Shiva. To discriminate between gods is highly relative, and all comparisons have a very bad smell. Yet, in spite of this, there is something unique, wondrous, miraculous, and most fascinating about the very concept of Shiva and his lovely Shakti. Nowadays, iconography has degenerated to a very low level, where pictures and paintings of Shiva are more concerned with passing the censor than with presenting him as the scriptures described him to be.
Guru and Shishya
Gurus, as subjects, could fill volumes, but here we are dealing with the word Guru as a spiritual guide and teacher, not with teachers who instruct lesser beings in music, dancing, or the three R’s—reading, writing, and arithmetic. In India, the word Gurudev is generally used to refer to the Spiritual Guru or Divine Preceptor.
The guru-shishya relationship is an indispensable part of Vedic and Tantric practice. Though theory can often be gathered from books, a living preceptor, who has already trodden the path successfully, is essential for all practice. It is based on the obvious recognition that disciples, who are without practical experience of real spiritual life, must receive competent instruction from a qualified person. The diksha rite, in which the guru transmits something of himself to the shishya, often increases or manifests his awareness in the shishya. This guru-shishya relationship is very intimate and must be so for the shishya’s success. Actually, it is a two-way process, for the guru, in turn, is enabled to have a more intimate and deeper understanding of the disciple, thereby becoming better able to guide and direct the course of progress.
To become a Tantric sadhu or Hindu sannyasin, one must first receive the sadhu initiation (sannyasa diksha) from one who is already initiated as a sannyasin. This is the initiation of world renunciation, where the disciple repeats the Praisha Mantra after the guru. Once this mantra has been spoken, the sadhu must never again return to household life in this birth. A householder following the path of Tantra takes guru diksha from any Tantric guru, whether sannyasin or householder.
Tantra differs from Vedic Hinduism in that the wife must also take diksha also under the same guru. Because of the nature of Tantric initiation, they usually take this diksha at different times. In the Vedic tradition, only the man is required to take initiation under a guru. In sannyasa sects, even in Tantric mode, this initiation is sometimes a very complicated procedure, subdivided into several stages. A householder can easily be accepted at face value, but for those who think they are prepared to renounce the world permanently, careful consideration and observation are required. When a guru accepts a disciple, he also accepts a serious responsibility. Even if the shishya cannot obtain liberation (moksha) in the present life, he must live in such a way that he secures a favorable rebirth in the next life, one that will contribute to his spiritual progress.
Gilt and Gold
Although other religions and ways of life have eventually developed a householder community and a higher ascetic or spiritual community, it was Hindu Paganism which first set the pattern and understanding that there were two distinct and separate paths of behaviors, teaching, and general outlook. They are called pravritti marga, “the way of the world,” and nivritti marga, “the path of return.” The pravrittas, people of household life, were not regarded as inferior to the nivrittas. They have their purpose and function to fulfill. Although the householders bow to the feet of sadhus, Hindu dharma recognized that both had an important part to play. A man was not regarded as inferior or a “sinner” because he could not renounce his worldly life. Instead, a practical outlook required him to give sufficient attention to religious life—no matter how dual it might be—and to enjoy to the full. There always existed the clear understanding that all incarnates must drink deeply from the river of life until they have had their fill. How can it be possible for anyone to renounce something they have had little or no experience with? In the long rounds of countless rebirths, and through the “Grace of the Absolute,” individual souls (jivas) would realize that these worldly things had lost their taste and were no longer desirable. Only then could one be ready and able to enter the nivritti marga or renunciation, and strive for return to the Absolute.
Between the two very diverse paths of pravritti and nivritti, there occurs a very special stratum of society called the mumukshus. This term refers to those who have a great desire for liberation and the Absolute. Mostly, they remain as householders, as certain duties still bind them. On the other hand, they may not feel the desire or readiness to become sadhus. It is among the mumukshus that we find the very religious and devout of India, and their sincerity shines like a lamp in the darkness.
Hindu Paganism has always stressed that there are four legitimate aims in life for which the householder should strive. Collectively, these are called the purusarthas, and they consist of dharma (righteousness and duty), artha (the pursuit of wealth and property), kama (sensual pleasures), and moksha (liberation). There is nothing akin to Western Puritanism here. These aims provide a pattern for a serious yet joyful life, one that will unfold blissfully in the future. The four purusarthas, the four “Noble Truths” of Pagan life, are common to both Vedic and Tantric patterns. He who finds the balance and harmony between these four is one who finds the real rhythm of life.
Naked Magicians
The Tantrics must have welcomed the appearance of Tantric sadhus and the new impetus they brought. Indians have always known that real powers (siddhis) are more developed in a naked sadhu than in those who wore clothes. This is far from being a superstition, and the idea persists even today.
We are now dealing with an age when the majority of sadhus and yogis were always naked, and nakedness was regarded as an essential demonstration of renunciation. Even at the time of Gautama the Buddha, Mahavira the Jain, and Gosala the Ajivika, nudity was the accepted pattern among sadhus. The Tantric sadhu could not be an exception, and there is little doubt that, from the early developments of Tantra, they become venerated for the display of powers and the blessings that they could bestow.
Naked sadhus are still plentiful, though foreign visitors express disappointment because they hardly ever see them. They are not easily found because they do not live in big cities or tourist centers where foreign visitors congregate. Also, because of changed conditions in India, naked sadhus either travel only at night or wear cloth when in public. In their ashrams and hermitages, the ancient custom still persists. A real sadhu or yogi generally has no desire to draw needless attention to himself.
Tantra was the sect to introduce nudity, even for householders, when taking diksha from a guru. The rule was a wise one because Tantra firmly understood the importance of the guru-shishya relationship. If a man could not accept the nature of a child before his spiritual father, then he was unworthy of initiation. Ancient traditions, related to forms of magick, stress that a sadhu should be completely naked when invoking the powers and help of deities and spirits. Even householders who dabbled in this art followed the injunction.
The Regeneration of the Nathas
Although the vast parade of Nathas winds its way back to prehistoric times, they do not appear to have been a distinctive or separate sampradaya, or sect. The Nathas became a distinct sect around 300–400 CE, a period of great religious revival when many new and different sects were formed.
The real story begins with a sadhu known as Siddha Kakkuti. He had received initiation and instruction from an ex-prince who became known as Lui-pada, a figure well known in Tibetan legends. Siddha Kakkuti later took initiation from Siddha Carpati (a Natha) and was instructed by this Guru to complete his sadhana (discipline) and live in smashanas (burning grounds).
A simple fisherman named Mina became his lay disciple, continuing his occupation as a fisherman. One day, he threw his baited line into the water and sat on the bank to practice his meditation. Suddenly, the line, which was tied to his wrists, pulled taut. He tried to haul the fish in, but instead, the fish pulled him into its mouth, and he was swallowed. Because of the power of his meditation, he did not die. Soon, another fisherman caught the fish while it was helpless in the very shallow water. When the fish was cut open, Mina escaped.
Mina returned to Siddha Carpati, this time bringing his son with him. Both were given initiation as sannyasins. The father became famous as Siddha Mina, and the son as Siddha Matsyendra. It was this Siddha Matsyendra who became known as the founder of the Natha Sampradaya. His two most important disciples were Caurangi and Gorakhnatha. The latter was destined to eclipse his master.
Gorakhnatha the Guru
There are books related to the Nathas where Matsyendranath is stated to be the author. However, the real bloom of the tradition burst forth in the writings of Gorakhnath, and even today, he is considered as the “Greatest of the Nathas.” There are several temples in India dedicated to Gorakhnath. His guru seems to have been forgotten in India, but in Nepal, there are temples dedicated jointly to Matsyendranath and Avalokiteshvara. There, they are considered to be the same person.
In India today, there are many caves which are claimed to be places where Guru Gorakhnath spent time in meditation. Most of these caves have temples built over them. It was Gorakhnath who wrote the first books dealing with Laya Yoga and the “raising” of the Kundalini-Shakti, a yoga that has now become much misunderstood and distorted. Matsyendranath had proved himself to be a genius in organization, and many large Natha ashrams were built in his lifetime to provide shelter for Nathas. It is not impossible that Laya Yoga was developed to occupy the time of the many sadhus living in these establishments, offering them a sound practical basis for their search for liberation. Around the same period, Buddhists were also occupied with the problems of large monasteries, and Bhikkhu residents had devised the Abhidharma as a form of mental gymnastics in order to occupy and develop their minds.
Gorakhnatha never became a god, nor was he worshiped by the Hindus as was Dattatreya. The temples where his images are enshrined are actually Natha ashrams, where he reigns as the sect guru.
Mad, Mystic and Magic
The Nathas, the Aghoris, and the Pashupatis (Vairagis) are the three most colorful and interesting sects that ever appeared in India. All found their way into Tibet, contributing to the vast agglomeration that eventually settled into Tibetan Lamaism. All three sects were feared and yet respected. The Nathas and Pashupatis were Shiva sects, while Aghoris based their way of life on the Devi Purana and worshiped the Mother Goddess.
All three of these sects have wilted with time, but the Nathas still remain numerically stronger. None of them were actually celibate sects, but they could not marry, as that would have meant returning to household life. Mostly they were naked, but one Natha sect adopted the custom of plaiting a dead guru’s hair into ropes and coiling it around their waist. The Nathas and Aghoris were both associated with magick powers, but while the Nathas were regarded as distributors of good luck and blessings, the Aghoris were associated with black siddhis or black magick. Alcohol was forbidden to Nathas and Vairagis, but the Aghoris were often drunkards. One Natha sect became known as the Pagala Naths, or “Mad Nathas” (Nath is the colloquial form of Natha). They earned this name due to their mad and insane behavior, though it was a mystical madness that flouted the conventions of the world in their mad desire for God.
Both the Nathas and Aghoris have been closely associated with Tantra, though not all Nathas followed this path. The Pashupatis, on the other hand, seemed to have remained completely outside of Tantra. This is likely because, as a sect, they did not value learning or scriptures, instead practicing renunciation in its severest forms.
