INO Glossary: Moksha
मोक्ष
Literal Definition and Root
Moksha (मोक्ष), derived from the Sanskrit root muc (मुक्), meaning “to free” or “to release,” translates literally to “liberation” or “release.” This term encapsulates the idea of freedom from constraints, whether mundane or spiritual.
Early Vedic Usage
In the earliest Vedic texts, Moksha referred to practical liberation from everyday burdens. For example, owning a horse, chariot, or car freed one from walking to destinations like a marketplace. Having others prepare meals released one from cooking, while amassed wealth relieved the need for future labor. During this period, Moksha described tangible relief from specific worldly tasks or obligations.
Later Spiritual Meaning
Over time, Moksha evolved into a profound spiritual concept, signifying liberation from the cycle of rebirth (samsara) on the earthly plane. This later definition emphasizes release through righteous action, wisdom, and spiritual practice, culminating in eternal reunion with the divine source. Various texts outline specific conditions—such as ethical conduct or self-realization—to achieve this ultimate freedom.
Distinction Between Usages
The early, “concrete” use of Moksha focused on freedom from practical necessities, reflecting material ease. In contrast, its later spiritual usage denotes transcendence from the human cycle of birth and death, aiming for unity with the Absolute. While these meanings differ significantly, both highlight liberation as a core aspiration, whether in daily life or eternal existence. The dual interpretations continue to spark discussion among scholars and practitioners.
